lastSeen of size 26 to -1 to keep track of the most recent position of each character.count to 1 as we start with the first substring.substringStart to 0 to mark the beginning of the current substring.s and for each character at index i:
lastSeen[s[i] - 'a'] with substringStart.count, start a new substring, and update substringStart to i.lastSeen[s[i] - 'a'] to i.count.